Reza zia-ebrahimi http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site Middle East Analyst Thu, 01 Mar 2012 09:39:18 +0000 en hourly 1 http://wordpress.org/?v=3.1.3 Courting the former colony: Algeria’s special position in French Third World policy, 1963 http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/2012/01/26/courting-the-former-colony-algerias-special-position-in-french-third-world-policy-1963/ http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/2012/01/26/courting-the-former-colony-algerias-special-position-in-french-third-world-policy-1963/#comments Thu, 26 Jan 2012 10:26:41 +0000 Reza Zia-Ebrahimi http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/?p=422 Link to article

Abstract

This article analyses the relationship between France and Algeria in the immediate aftermath of Algerian independence. In 1963, Algeria repeatedly breached the Evian Accords, and continuously threatened France’s national interests. Yet, French policymakers accommodated Algeria’s reassertion and even rewarded it with a generous coopération package. I will argue that this remarkable discrepancy was due to Gaullist France’s belief that association with its former colony would benefit its image and influence in the Third World. Algeria at the time enjoyed significant prestige in Asia and Africa, and this was precisely the arena where France was keen to deploy its leadership in order to enhance its independence from the two superpowers. This perception detracted Paris from the cool-blooded pursuit of ‘realist’ state interests.

]]>
http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/2012/01/26/courting-the-former-colony-algerias-special-position-in-french-third-world-policy-1963/feed/ 0
Self-Orientalization and Dislocation: The Uses and Abuses of the “Aryan” Discourse in Iran http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/2011/06/29/self-orientalization-and-dislocation-the-uses-and-abuses-of-the-%e2%80%9caryan%e2%80%9d-discourse-in-iran-self-orientalization-and-dislocation-the-uses-and-abuses-of-the-%e2%80%9caryan%e2%80%9d-disc/ http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/2011/06/29/self-orientalization-and-dislocation-the-uses-and-abuses-of-the-%e2%80%9caryan%e2%80%9d-discourse-in-iran-self-orientalization-and-dislocation-the-uses-and-abuses-of-the-%e2%80%9caryan%e2%80%9d-disc/#comments Wed, 29 Jun 2011 08:01:44 +0000 Reza Zia-Ebrahimi http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/?p=370

Link to article

Abstract:

The claim to belong to the “Aryan race,” believed to be rooted in the ancient self-designation ariya, is a fundamental pillar of the Iranian nationalist discourse. This paper aims to show that in fact it is a twentieth-century import from Europe, where after being instrumentalized for colonial endeavors and Nazi atrocities, it has become almost completely discredited. Yet Iranians continue to nonchalantly refer to themselves as Aryans and the myth of the “land of Aryans” persists, even in academic circles. It will be argued that the reason for this resilience is the specific role Aryanism plays in Iranian identity politics, and the strategies designed to manage the trauma of the encounter with Europe.

 

]]>
http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/2011/06/29/self-orientalization-and-dislocation-the-uses-and-abuses-of-the-%e2%80%9caryan%e2%80%9d-discourse-in-iran-self-orientalization-and-dislocation-the-uses-and-abuses-of-the-%e2%80%9caryan%e2%80%9d-disc/feed/ 0
Interview of Reza Zia-Ebrahimi on BBC Persian Newshour http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/2011/02/09/interview-of-reza-zia-ebrahimi-6-february-2011/ http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/2011/02/09/interview-of-reza-zia-ebrahimi-6-february-2011/#comments Wed, 09 Feb 2011 11:00:09 +0000 Reza Zia-Ebrahimi http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/?p=342

]]>
http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/2011/02/09/interview-of-reza-zia-ebrahimi-6-february-2011/feed/ 0
An emissary of the Golden Age: Manekji Limji Hataria and the charisma of the archaic in pre-nationalist Iran http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/2010/12/20/%e2%80%a2forthcoming-spring-2011-%e2%80%98an-emissary-of-the-golden-age-manekji-limji-hataria-and-the-charisma-of-the-archaic-in-pre-nationalist-iran%e2%80%99-in-studies-in-ethnicity-and-nationa/ http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/2010/12/20/%e2%80%a2forthcoming-spring-2011-%e2%80%98an-emissary-of-the-golden-age-manekji-limji-hataria-and-the-charisma-of-the-archaic-in-pre-nationalist-iran%e2%80%99-in-studies-in-ethnicity-and-nationa/#comments Mon, 20 Dec 2010 09:19:45 +0000 Reza Zia-Ebrahimi http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/?p=295 Link to article

Abstract:

Early nationalist thought in nineteenth-century Iran emphasised the lost glories of the Zoroastrian pre-Islamic past, which it held for a utopian society of refinement, progress, and power destroyed by the advent of Islam. This article aims to show the prominence of this archaistic movement in the early phase of Iranian nationalism by highlighting the impact of an Indian Parsi traveller named Manekji Limji Hataria on nationalist intellectuals. Because of his religious background as a Zoroastrian, Manekji came to be perceived as an emissary of Iran’s Golden Age. Fully aware of the potential influence this perception granted him, Manekji endeavoured to disseminate neo-Zoroastrian, pre-Islamic-centred, and frankly anti-Arab/anti-Islamic readings of history among intellectuals, and thus succeeded in having a disproportionate influence on the nationalist definition of Iranian history and identity.

 

]]>
http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/2010/12/20/%e2%80%a2forthcoming-spring-2011-%e2%80%98an-emissary-of-the-golden-age-manekji-limji-hataria-and-the-charisma-of-the-archaic-in-pre-nationalist-iran%e2%80%99-in-studies-in-ethnicity-and-nationa/feed/ 0
Bombard Iran … with broadband http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/2010/02/24/bombard-iran-with-broadband/ http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/2010/02/24/bombard-iran-with-broadband/#comments Wed, 24 Feb 2010 22:20:58 +0000 Reza Zia-Ebrahimi http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/?p=264 If the west really wants to support the green movement it should shower the country in free satellite internet access

Link to article

Washington and other western capitals seem to lack an efficient policy to support Iran’s protest movement. They wish that the so-called green movement could replace the current military-messianic alliance at the country’s helm with a more reasonable interlocutor that would be amenable to solve Iran’s nuclear dossier, and co-operate in other arenas, chiefly Iraq and Afghanistan.

However, thanks to a number of systemic changes, direct logistical, financial or military assistance cannot be contemplated. Yet, there is one option that might prove a highly efficient way of supporting the green movement while avoiding any direct entanglement into Iran’s affairs: bombarding the country with high-speed internet access.

The internet is a key element in the events currently unfolding in Iran. What has been dubbed the “Twitter revolution” makes extensive use of social networking platforms to disseminate the movement’s messages and organise protests. In a country where fair journalistic reporting has become impossible because of government restrictions, Iran’s citizen-journalists have used internet resources to provide the world with images of government violence. Similarly, the government seems to be aware of the power of images and information.

One of the pillars of its repressive policy has been media propaganda depicting protesters as vandals and stooges of foreign powers. In pursuing this policy, the government actively curtails alternative sources of information in the country (especially the BBC and VOA broadcasts in Persian), thoroughly filters sensitive websites used by protesters to communicate (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter etc) and reduces internet speed to just about nil to render video streaming or uploading impossible. It has even moved to ban Gmail.

The technology to overcome this already exists. Households and businesses in areas with poor infrastructure connect to the internet through satellites. A Japanese satellite, Kizuna, was launched in 2008 to provide mountainous areas of Japan and other parts of East Asia with the world’s highest-speed internet connection using 45cm aperture antennas (the same size as existing communications satellite antennas widely used in Iran). The Japanese intend to expand this project into an international one.

A number of satellites currently covering Iran’s territory can be used to provide internet access. Indeed, the US army, through private subcontractors, successfully provides its troops in Iraq and Afghanistan (where infrastructure is poor or inexistent) with near-high-speed satellite access.

The policy framework for such an endeavour is also in place in the US. Congress passed a rather secretive bill dubbed the Voice Act (Victims of Iranian Censorship) last summer. Most of its multimillion dollar appropriation has been earmarked “to expand Farsi language broadcasting into Iran”. However, it involves a $20m budget for the “development of technologies that will enhance the Iranian people’s ability to access and share information; counter efforts to block, censor, or monitor the internet in Iran; and engage in internet-based education programmes and other exchanges online”.

President Barack Obama signed the act into law last October, but it is unclear if unrestricted internet access for Iranians is one of Washington’s priorities at the moment. It should be. Showering Iran with satellite internet would allow Iranians to efficiently fight the regime’s monopoly over information, further weakening its legitimacy. This in turn will grow the ranks of the green movement, as more citizens will be able to compare the state media with other sources, and it promises to deepen the rift within the regime itself and among the rank-and-file of the security apparatus. It will allow the Iranian citizen-journalists to wider circulate images and videos of government violence, and coordinate more efficiently their demonstrations.

This would be an invaluable help for a movement that the government can currently easily hinder with telecommunication cuts in the wake of large demonstrations. Most importantly, and from a US policy perspective, it would empower Iranians without committing troops or confronting the Iranian regime directly, solving the dilemma of American non-interference.

Complications might, of course, arise. The Iranian government can crack down on the use of satellite dishes, as it has consistently done in the past, or attempt to jam the signal. The whole project might prove costly, perhaps cost more than the Voice Act’s $20m budget. But is a cyber war with Tehran’s regime not a more palatable route than the other “options” that remain relentlessly on the table?

]]>
http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/2010/02/24/bombard-iran-with-broadband/feed/ 0
Comment la Suisse s’est fait berner par la chimere de l’islamisation http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/2009/12/04/comment-la-suisse-sest-fait-berner-par-la-chimere-de-lislamisation/ http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/2009/12/04/comment-la-suisse-sest-fait-berner-par-la-chimere-de-lislamisation/#comments Fri, 04 Dec 2009 13:27:45 +0000 Reza Zia-Ebrahimi http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/?p=198 Link to article

Le vote du 29 novembre a surpris même le camp qui a soutenu le oui. Cette surprise a engendré un besoin de justifier ce vote. Ainsi, la sphère publique, celle de l’Internet notamment, nous a offert le spectacle d’un raz de marée d’opinions contradictoires et injustifiables. Il serait salutaire d’en passer certaines en revue:

L’analogie saoudienne: cet argument tend à justifier le vote au vu de l’interdiction de bâtir des lieux de culte non musulmans en Arabie saoudite. Triste est l’état de la démocratie suisse si ses modèles ne sont plus les grandes démocraties de ce monde, mais une monarchie absolue intolérante et médiévale. Le débat actuel concerne des Suisses interdisant à d’autres Suisses (ou des résidents suisses) de bâtir leurs lieux de culte comme ils l’entendent, et non pas l’Arabie.

Que deviendrait la démocratie si on appliquait les lois saoudiennes aux musulmans et pourquoi ne pas réserver demain un traitement chinois aux Suisses d’origine tibétaine?

La minimisation de la portée du vote: un grand nombre de nos concitoyens et leurs représentants tentent de minimiser la portée de ce vote en soulignant le fait qu’il n’empêche pas la pratique de l’islam. Il est cependant absolument indispensable en ces temps de crise institutionnelle et démocratique (car c’est bien de cela qu’il s’agit) de reconnaître que ce vote a institutionnalisé l’islamophobie dans le corps même de notre Constitution, chose qui est une brèche dans la structure démocratique de ce pays, et qui n’est rien de moins qu’une atteinte à la liberté de culte.

Publicité

Je pense que l’UDC et son partenaire subalterne, l’UDF, ont étudié ce projet pour que sans être une atteinte flagrante à cette liberté fondamentale, il soit néanmoins l’expression d’une haine xénophobe. On ne peut donc minimiser ce vote alors que son poids énorme constitue la stratégie même de l’UDC; il faut se refuser à jouer ce jeu crapuleux.

Chimère de l’islamisation: l’épouvantail de l’islamisation que l’UDC et son acolyte n’ont cessé d’agiter avec leur campagne d’affichage non seulement haineuse mais aussi très préjudiciable à l’image de la Suisse est une chimère. Personne n’a jamais parlé de transformer la Suisse en république islamique. Comment serait-ce même possible concrètement?

A ma connaissance, aucune Suissesse ne porte la burqa, et on n’y pratique pas la polygamie. La communauté musulmane de Suisse est un exemple de laïcité et d’intégration: seulement 10% d’entre elle fréquente les mosquées. Elle mérite d’être récompensée au lieu d’être giflée.

Tout cela ressemble à ce qu’on appelle en anglais un «self-fulfilling prophecy»: maintenant que cette communauté est ciblée et singularisée pour un traitement discriminatoire, elle pourra potentiellement rejeter son identité suisse et s’attacher de plus en plus à son identité religieuse. C’est un phénomène d’aliénation qui a créé un terrain fertile pour la radicalisation des jeunes musulmans dans d’autres pays d’Europe. Au lieu de nourrir une situation propice, la Suisse a décidé de la détruire, et c’est regrettable.

Droit des femmes: on a également tenté de nous faire croire que le vote était une prise de position en faveur des droits de la femme. Outre le fait que considérer toute musulmane comme ipso facto maltraitée est une généralisation de caractère raciste (de même que les Juifs sont voleurs et les Noirs indolents), on voit mal comment l’institutionnalisation de l’islamophobie et la stigmatisation des musulmans de Suisse sont une solution au problème de la femme.

Par ailleurs, il faut reconnaître qu’il y a encore énormément de travail à faire pour l’égalité des sexes en Suisse, qui est malheureusement plutôt à l’arrière-garde des pays européens dans ce domaine. Des disparités de traitement subsistent sur le lieu du travail, et la différence de salaire peut atteindre 20%. Alors occupons-nous de ce problème national d’abord avant de débattre des minarets. Il est tout de même ironique que l’un des cantons qui ont voté massivement en faveur du oui soit le même qui interdisait il y a encore 18 ans à ses femmes de voter.

L’identité de la Suisse: le fond du problème revient finalement à ce que la Suisse désire être. Veut-elle continuer à être le pays gagnant qu’elle était dans le passé grâce à son ouverture, ou non? C’est grâce à son accueil indéfectible des huguenots persécutés au XVIe siècle que l’industrie de la montre et le système bancaire ont pris leur essor dans ce pays. A l’image d’une petite Amérique, la Suisse a su attirer des talents et s’en faire une force. Cet esprit d’accueil des persécutés et l’utilisation intelligente de leurs ressources ont été, on peut en faire un argument, la raison de la réussite de ce pays et la prospérité que tout le monde lui envie.

En ce sens, l’idéologie de l’UDC, son intolérance haineuse et ses affiches scandaleuses qui sont devenues les symboles de ce pays à l’étranger, est fondamentalement anti-suisse et va à l’encontre du bon sens traditionnel des Helvètes.

Je pense qu’il est aujourd’hui temps de mettre les points sur les i, et de cesser la politique de l’autruche: le vrai danger qui guette la Suisse n’est pas l’islamisation, mais la fascisation de ses partis d’extrême droite. Il faut aujourd’hui clamer haut et fort que l’idéologie de l’UDC est à tendance fascisante: n’oublions pas qu’en 2007, avec sa campagne «pour plus de sécurité», l’UDC a tenté de mettre en place la punition collective en Suisse. La dernière fois qu’une telle pratique fut institutionnalisée en Europe, elle était le fait de l’Allemagne nazie. Je pense dès lors qu’il n’est pas exagéré d’appeler un chat un chat: l’UDC et ses amis sont les chantres d’une fascisation progressive de la Suisse, qui a transformé cette belle démocratie en modèle pour toute l’extrême droite européenne.

Publicité

Profitons de ce vote pour faire la part entre la réalité et les chimères, et réfléchissons au rôle que ce pays veut assumer: un modèle de réussite et d’harmonie, ou une référence pour l’extrême droite et les néofascistes de tout bord.

L’auteur se présente comme Iranien, musulman, Suisse et laïc.

]]>
http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/2009/12/04/comment-la-suisse-sest-fait-berner-par-la-chimere-de-lislamisation/feed/ 0
home http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/2009/12/04/hello-world/ http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/2009/12/04/hello-world/#comments Fri, 04 Dec 2009 04:56:30 +0000 Reza Zia-Ebrahimi http://phillycoolrob.com/wordpress_281/?p=1 Welcome to Reza Zia-Ebrahimi’s website.

 

Reza Zia-Ebrahimi is a scholar of nationalism and ethnicity, and of the political and intellectual history of the modern Middle East.

If you are interested in his profile and research, click here.

]]>
http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/2009/12/04/hello-world/feed/ 1
Mending a Muslim divide http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/2008/07/21/mending-a-muslim-divide/ http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/2008/07/21/mending-a-muslim-divide/#comments Mon, 21 Jul 2008 12:12:18 +0000 Reza Zia-Ebrahimi http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/?p=92 Link to article

The “Shiite crescent” – an alliance of Shiite Iran with Arab Shiite movements in Iraq and Lebanon allegedly committed to dominating the Middle East – has become a popular intellectual shortcut to explaining Muslim affairs in the West.

Yet the theory is a flawed one. It ignores the complexity of religious, national, local and tribal allegiances that include, exclude or overlap one another throughout the region. Moreover, it does not account for a number of other factors, for example, the reasons behind the occasional inter-Shiite fighting in Iraq.

In an interesting twist, the Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah and the Iranian president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad – two Shiites – happen to be considered the most popular foreign leaders in overwhelmingly Sunni Egypt (and probably most of the Middle East) according to a poll conducted by the Ibn Khaldun Center in Cairo.

Since the death of the Prophet of Islam, Muslims have split into two groups with distinct theological, cultural and even political outlooks: Sunnis (85 percent) and Shiites (15 percent). For most of the past 14 centuries, the two have got along, but often Shiites have been ruthlessly repressed by the Sunni majority. Today, non-Arab Iran is the largest Shiite country (more than 90 percent of its 70 million inhabitants) and the two other important Shiite communities are Iraq (65 percent) and Lebanon (40 percent).

Though inadequate and overinflated, the Shiite crescent theory nevertheless refers to a real problem, which is that of rising tension between Sunnis – the main branch of Islam – and Shiites in various parts of the Middle East.

One crucial but under-discussed arena of Sunni-Shiite relations is Saudi Arabia. Approximately 10 percent of the kingdom’s population is estimated to be Shiite. Since the country was established in 1932, Shiite rituals have been subjected to significant constraints and Shiites have been marginalized and intermittently repressed. Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and the International Crisis Group have all pointed out the systematic social, political, religious and economic discrimination of Shiites by the Saudi state institutions and ulema, or clergy. Since 1993, Saudi rulers have attempted some rapprochement, by engaging Shiite leaders, although significant advances have yet to materialize.

Sunni-Shiite relations in Saudi Arabia are important for the rest of the Muslim world. Indeed, the kingdom’s religious establishment holds sway over many radical Muslim circles, thanks to its worldwide network of mosques, and usually adheres to a puritan and intolerant version of Sunni Islam. As a result, the Saudi ulema bear much responsibility in the propagation of anti-Shiite feelings, but they are also in a strategic position to soothe the occasional tensions between the two communities.

A radical break with well-established anti-Shiism is unlikely; observers of the kingdom know that an inhibited political culture there that puts excessive emphasis on consensus makes Switzerland look like a fast-changing country.

However there are two reasons to believe that time is ripe for some sort of bold action by the rulers. First, despite the slight détente in the kingdom in the 1990s, tensions are mounting since civil war in Iraq and the reassertion of Iran and Hezbollah in Lebanon increased alarm about regional Shiite domination. Many young Saudis who engage in jihad in Iraq are motivated, among other things, by fervent anti-Shiite sentiments. This heated situation has also engendered an increased number of despicable acts of vandalism, like cemetery profanation or the burning down of Shiite mosques, threatening the inter-communal status quo.

Secondly, King Abdullah is investing much hope in his calls for interfaith dialogue. Earlier this month, he concluded an interfaith conference in Madrid, which he hopes to be the first step in a sustained dialogue process. Christian and Jewish religious authorities worldwide have been involved and many declared their support for the king’s overture. It is quite an undertaking for the leader of a country that constrains or bans any non-Islamic religious act, sign or place of worship. The legitimacy and credibility of the king’s move will, to a large extent, depend on the state of Sunni-Shiite relations within Saudi Arabia.

Recent moves indicate that the king is aware of this situation, and wants to make advances, even at the price of infuriating some members of the ulema.

This month, 22 radical Saudi clerics issued a fatwa, or religious edict, saying that Lebanon’s Shiite Hezbollah movement’s fight against Israel is a disguise to conceal its anti-Sunni agenda. They proclaimed Shiites followed “infidel precepts.”

Reaction was swift: Mohammed al-Nujaimi, a prominent cleric from the religious establishment was dispatched recently to mend fences with Shiites. He met with Hassan al-Saffar, the leader of the Shiite community in Saudi Arabia, and other representatives to condemn the edict. There is good reason to believe that the king was behind this effort.

By Saudi standards, this is a bold move, as the rulers of the kingdom are always wary not to antagonize the ulema, who provide them with legitimacy. Anti-Shiite sentiment is one of the main tenets of the ulema’s ideology, usually referred to as Wahabbism, a very puritan and intolerant version of Islam. The king’s overture is unlikely to be appreciated by them.

There are reasons to be skeptical about the outcome of the king reaching out to the Shiite community, but mounting tensions and the king’s interfaith projects have created a state of affairs in which the Saudi Shiite situation cannot be shunned any longer. If a decent modus vivendi is worked out there, then it can have some impact on Sunni-Shiite relations worldwide thanks to the kingdom’s special position within the Islamic world as the guardian of the religion’s two most holy sites, and reassert the House of Saud over an obscurantist and anachronistic ulema. Inshallah.

http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/07/21/opinion/edebrahimi.php

]]>
http://zia-ebrahimi.com/site/2008/07/21/mending-a-muslim-divide/feed/ 0